ATOM
the smallest portion of an element found in the periodic chart;examples include carbon,oxygen,gold
BIOMOLECULE
an organic molecule produced by a living organism
CHEMICAL BOND
a connection made between atoms when electrons are attracted,shared,or transferred
CONDENSATION REACTION ( OR DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS)
a chemical reaction that combines smaller molecules and forms water as a byproduct; the reaction is often used to form polymers
COVALENT BOND
a chemical bond formed when elements share electrons
HYDROLYSIS REACTION
a chemical reaction between water and another molecule that breaks down the molecule into simpler molecules; the reaction splits a water molecule to break apart a polymers
INORGANIC MOLECULE
a molecule that is not organic; most (but not all) do not include carbon;examples including water (H2O), ammonia (NH3), table salt (NaCI), and carbon dioxide (CO2)
ION
an electrically charged "atom" that has either gained or lost electrons
IONIC BOND
a chemical bond formed when elements transfer (donate or accept) electrons
MACROMOLECULES ( OR MACRONUTRIENTS)
the large biomolecules that make up living organisms; include proteins, carbohydrates,lipids, and nucleic acids
MOLECULE
a chemical combination of two or more atoms that forms a separate substance; for example, one molecule of water (H2O), is made up of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom
MONOMER
a small molecule that may be chemically bonded to other like molecules to form a polymer
ORGANIC MOLECULES
carbon-containing molecules that are generally associated with living organisms
POLYMER
a long chain of monomers ( small,repeating molecules)
POLYMERIZATION
the chemical process of combining monomers to form a polymer;often uses condensation reactions
CARBOHYDRATE
an organic molecule made up of carbon,hydrogen,and oxygen, used as a source of energy and gives structure to some types of cells
CELLULOSE
a polysaccharide used in the cell walls of plants to give cells structural support
CHITIN
a polysaccharide that contains nitrogen groups; used to strengthen the exoskeletons of crustaceans and insects and the cell walls of many kinds of fungi
DISACCHARIDE
a polymer of two simple sugars combined into one molecule
GLUCOSE
a monosaccharide produced by plants during photosynthesis; main source of energy for cells
GLYCOGEN
a polysaccharide made by animal cells to store energy
MONOSACCHARIDE
a simple sugar
POLYSACCHARIDE
a polymer of sugar, meaning a long chain of sugar molecules chemically linked together
SACCHARIDE
another name for "sugar" or for a sugar polymer
STARCH
a polysaccharide made by plants to store energy
CHOLESTEROL
a type of steroid used in cell membranes and also used to make steroid hormones
FAT
a type of lipid used to store energy and a source of fatty acids
FATTY ACID
an organic acid that contains a long chain of hydrocarbons ( carbon atoms bonded to other carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms)
HYDROPHILIC
"water-loving";attracted to water
HYDROPHOBIC
"water-hating";repelled by water
LIPIDS
organic molecules made up of carbon,hydrogen,and oxygen, but unlike carbohydrates, they do not dissolve in water
MONOUNSATURATED FAT
a fat that has more than one double carbon-to-carbon bond
PHOSPHOLIPID
a type of lipid that helps to make up cell membranes
POLYUNSATURATED FAT
a fat that has more than one double carbon-to-carbon bond
saturated fat
a fat that has all single carbon-to-carbon bonds and the maximum number of hydrogens attached to each carbon
STEROID
a type of lipid that can be present in cell membranes or can make up certain hormones
WAX
a type of lipid that is used to waterproof leaves,skin,feathers,etc.
AMINO ACIDS
organic molecules that are building blocks of protein
NITROGEN
an element found in amino acids and proteins but NOT typically found in carbohydrates or fats
PEPTIDE BOND
the bond between each amino acid in a protein
POLYPEPTIDE
a chain of amino acids
PROTEIN
an organic molecule with many important functions; the main structural component of muscle,skin,bone,etc