"Furniture History", "Is inextricably linked with the story of civilization, in our case western civilization primarily, since it was the<br /> Europeans who came to the U.S. first, bringing with them their belongings, memories and skills. The further<br /> back you go in history, the less you can know about residential interiors, since only buildings made of stone or items carefully hidden from the elements survived to<br /> give us insight into a way of life." "Mortise-and-tenon joints and tongue and groove", "A method used to connect two pieces of wood or of other material. Joining methods still used today." "Fresco techniques", "In which paint is applied directly to wet plaster<br /> creating an extremely durable surface, a technique we<br /> associate with Michelangelo’s Sistine Chapel." "Classical Period", "Greco-Roman period of history/ This term recognizes the borrowing back and forth between the Greeks and Romans of ideas, architectural styles and languages with the Greeks contributing high culture and the Romans legal unity and administrative security." "Define: Polymath", "The ideal Greek male is someone with knowledge of many subjects" "Parthenon", "The Parthenon is a former temple on the Athenian<br /> Acropolis, Greece, dedicated to the goddess Athena, whom the people of Athens considered their patron. Construction began in 447 BC when the Athenian<br /> Empire was at the peak of its power." "Doric Column", "Is the simpler, more masculine style with a large square block (the abacus) placed on top of the form. Only the Doric order has no base at the bottom. This column sits directly on the platform." "Ionic Column", "Ionic style is less heavy, more feminine, some would<br /> say. The capital is square as is the abacus, but each<br /> end of the square has scrolling or volutes--pin curls at the top." "Corinthian Column", "The Corinthian order is the most elaborate and the<br /> latest developed. The capital is circular with two rows of acanthus leaves below four small volutes. The<br /> Romans, who had a taste for grandeur over simplicity, preferred the Corinthian order." "Klismos chair", "The most important piece of furniture was the klismos, with a concave back rail to fit the human form." "The Romans (753 B.C.E.-476 C.E.)", "Imported goods from all over their empire and beyond and developed a taste for luxury in all of the arts. They<br /> borrowed most heavily from the Greeks, but they<br /> bought wares from everywhere." "The Pantheon", "In Rome, though not a large building, is viewed by many people as Roman architecture at its finest. This open-eye temple to all the gods worshipped in the<br /> Empire stands today in exquisite condition despite<br /> wars and the wear of modern air quality and climate." "Atrium", "In architecture, an atrium is a large open air or skylight covered space surrounded by a building. Atria were a<br /> common feature in Ancient Roman dwellings, providing<br /> light and ventilation to the interior." "Basilicas", "Designed by the Romans which later served as models<br /> for Christian churches" "Renaissance period (1400s-1540s)", "Was a period in European history marking the transition from the Middle Ages to Modernity and<br /> covering the 15th and 16th centuries. It occurred after the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages and was associated with great social change." "Apse", "A semicircular recess in the wall at the east end of the<br /> church." "Hagia Sophia", "is a great architectural beauty and an important monument both for Byzantine and for Ottoman Empires. Once a church, later a mosque, and now a museum in the Turkish Republic." "Pendentive", "A concave triangular piece of masonry, four of which<br /> support a dome erected over a square." "Gothic", "designs of the period from 1140-1500 still inspire<br /> modern travelers to make pilgrimages to the pointed arch and vault cathedrals that pepper the landscape of Europe. Built to the glory of God, with a large amount of craftsmanship and civic pride, Gothic churches like<br /> Notre Dame in Paris" "Flying buttress", "an external support system carried on a series of arches to provide lateral thrust, the walls of the church could be opened up with larger and larger windows" "Ambulatory", "A covered walkway usually between the choir and the<br /> apse, which provided access to chapels along the<br /> outer wall of the apse." "Gargoyles", "Carvings of fantastic animal forms used for gutter ends and waterspouts." "Renaissance (1400-1650)", "Began in Italy and evolved there fully, long before its<br /> impact was felt elsewhere. Over the next 150 years, the ideas and styles of the Italian revival of “all things classical” spread to Spain, France, the Flemish<br /> countries and England." "High Renaissance (late 1400s-mid 1500s),", "When the search for excellence yielded much fruit and<br /> when artistic genius was admired. The creativity of these Renaissance designers was well compensated by patrons who treated them with dignified respect, not as mere artisans." "Palazzo", "The town house of the great families ruling Italy’s<br /> individual states and provinces" "Villa", "A country house" "Terrazzo", "Crushed marble mixed with cement." "Fresco", "The most expensive form of decoration for ceilings and walls during Renaissance period." "Andrea Palladio (mid-1500s)", "An architect who worked in Venice. He wrote a series<br /> of treatises on design, offering practical instruction and<br /> providing illustrated texts." "Baroque", "The word baroque is French for ‘bizarre,’ ‘ugly’ or ‘fantastic.’ The baroque period is the 1600s and 1700s. The baroque style was a blend of illusion, light, color and movement designed to impress and<br /> overwhelm the beholder. This style is characterized by<br /> contrasts between light and dark emphasis on<br /> movement, grand scale and a general sense of drama.<br /> Associated with Louis XIV." "Marquetry", "Type of inlay" "Cabriole leg", "a popular furniture leg with the knee curving outward<br /> and the ankle curving inward terminating in an<br /> ornamental foot." "Ormulu", "a method of fusing gold leaf to brass" "Rococo Style", "Associated with Louis XV. Rococo style is characterized by elaborate ornamentation, asymmetrical values, pastel color palette, and curved<br /> or serpentine lines. Rococo art works often depict themes of love, classical myths, youth, and playfulness. Came after Baroque they are both<br /> ornamental in style. Rocco emphasis is on light and airy." "Neo-Classical style", "Period became simpler, with straighter more regular<br /> lines. Mahogany was used extensively; ebony was reintroduced. Fine materials continued to be favored.<br /> Associated with Louis XVI." "Georgian", "identified by its symmetrical composition and formal, classical details, was the most prevalent style in the<br /> English colonies throughout the 18th century." "Queen Anne", "Noted for their curved lines, and the splat back (a<br /> carved plank which ran from the seat to the top), a<br /> cabriole leg and a club foot (later a claw-and-ball foot)." "Chippendale", "Drawing on classic, French, Chinese and Gothic<br /> styles, Thomas Chippendale created some of the most popular designs of the mid-18th century." "Hepplewhite", "Hepplewhite furniture is delicate, has elegant lines and typically straight and slender legs that end in a spade<br /> or thimble foot. The top of the chair back was curved in<br /> an oval, heart or shield pattern." "Sheraton", "Influenced by Neo-Classical styles, Thomas Sheraton designed furniture with straight lines and rectilinear forms. The chair legs were similar to those by Hepplewhite. The rear legs of the chair might continue<br /> beyond the seat to form the back. Two or more<br /> horizontal rails framed the back. An ornamental splat (or sometimes more than one) was often decorated like a vase." "Regency Style (1811-1820)", "In England, Neo-Classical influences continued into the early 19th century, which is sometimes called the<br /> Regency Style (1811-1820). This style came to<br /> include more exotic characteristics, such as Egyptian, Chinese and Moorish traits, reflecting the international focus of the 19th century age of imperialism" "Fiddleback", "Queen Anne splat-back chair" "Windsor chair", "This chair design that was immensely popular in the colonies with a bent hoop spindle back and plank seat." "Federal style", "Emerged, perhaps as a way of celebrating the newly<br /> unified democratic republic by evoking the wisdom of the Athenian heritage of Ancient Greece" "Greek Revival", "for the effort to revive Greek architecture is central to it.<br /> Interior design details included Greek accents, vase painting and architectural elements" "William Morris (1834-1896)", "An English design reformer, established a firm with a<br /> group of colleagues, Morris, Marshall and Faulkner (known as “the Firm”), to make simplified designs,<br /> emphasizing the natural character of woods, painted<br /> surfaces, limited ornament" "Arts & Crafts Movement", "Morris’ company led the Arts and Crafts Movement or the Craftsman movement, a movement that reflected the attempt to have handcrafted quality items persist<br /> despite the machine age." "Art Nouveau", "In the late 19th century, reaching its heyday just at the<br /> turn of the century, the style known as Art Nouveau emerged. It employed asymmetry and a sinuous<br /> curving line in reaction to previous formality. The<br /> emphasis was organic and natural; flower and insect motifs were commonly featured. This movement was strongly fashionable until its virtual disappearance just before World War I" "Gaudi", "Antoni Gaudi in Barcelona, Spain. developed a highly<br /> personalized style. Like a flashing comet, this style<br /> was later regarded as a fad." "Louis Tiffany (1848-1933)", "The U.S. Art Nouveau movement included decorative lamps and glassware by Louis Tiffany" "Louis Sullivan", "Who used steel-frame construction, glass and attention to nature as inspiration for his interiors. His famous saying, “form follows function,” became the mantra of modernists." "Frank Lloyd Wright", "Recognized as one of the four pioneers of Modernism. Wright (d. 1959) designed buildings, furniture, lighting, even rugs, with attention to nature and a desire to unify the interior of the building with the exterior and the building with its site and the natural setting." "Bauhaus", "Using plain surfaces and straight lines, rejecting the flowing forms of Art Nouveau. This trend toward uncluttered, linear architecture culminates in Europe. The austere and unornamented interiors were mostly black, white, neutrals and primary colors." "Art Deco", "The name of this movement is derived from the 1925 Exposition Internationale des Arts Decoratifs in Paris. There handmade furniture and fine craftsmanship were on display. The Art Deco style sports flashy decorative<br /> motifs, including sunbursts, zigzags and stair step<br /> patterns." "Beaux-Arts Movement", "Is known for perpetuating classically inspired buildings, but in a more simplified, less ornamented way called Stripped Classicism." "Eclecticism", "Or the borrowing and blending from many sources." "Elsie de Wolfe (d. 1950)", "A pioneer in the field of interior decorating was Elsie de Wolfe (b.1865 - d. 1950), who worked for wealthy<br /> New Yorkers. The first wave of designer-decorators<br /> from the Eclectic movement paved the way for all of us<br /> interested in design and aesthetic beauty in our interiors." "Post-Modernism", "Modernism breaks away from Modernism in its willingness to include ornamentation and even elements of the historical, yes, even classical, styles—<br /> often with a humorous impact." "High Tech", "Designers from this style associate Modernism with the<br /> Industrial or Machine Age, and they recognized that<br /> the late 20th century is less centered around industry<br /> and more impacted by technology. Their style is post-<br /> Machine Age and futuristic." "Post Modernism", "As a design and artistic style, Modernism deliberately<br /> broke away from classical and traditional methods of expression to release innovative expressions that were<br /> characterized by a new but different simplicity, order and logic." "Deconstructivism", "Among the last of the 20th century styles, is<br /> deconstructivism. This style looks as if it has<br /> “deconstructed”. The best known architect working in this manner is Frank Gehry of California, who<br /> designed the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain." "Taj Mahal", "(1632-1656) in Agra, India. It was built as a tomb by a Muslim ruler for his wife." "", "Louis XIII" "", "Elizabethan" "", "Jacobean" "", "William & Mary" "", "Queen Anne" "", "Louis XIV" "", "Georgian" "", "Chippendale" "", "Louis XV" "", "Hepplewhite" "", "Louis XVI" "", "Sheraton" "", "R & J Adam (Brothers Adam)" "", "Empire" "", "British New Art" "", "L'Art Nouveau" "", "Modern Austrian" "", "Scotch New Art" "", "Arts & Crafts" "", "Misson"
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