"Aperture", "光圈<br /> A usually adjustable opening in an optical instrument, such as a camera or telescope, that limits the amount of light passing through a lens or onto a mirror." "Depth of Field (DoF)", "景深<br /> The area in the picture that appears in sharp focus." "Shutter Speed", "快门速度<br /> The amount of time that the film or digital sensor inside the camera is exposed to light (i.e., when the camera's shutter is open) while taking a picture." "Exposure", "摄影曝光<br /> The amount of light which reaches your camera sensor or film." "ISO", "光线敏感测量度<br /> In very basic terms, ISO is simply a camera setting that will brighten or darken a photo. As you increase your ISO number, your photos will grow progressively brighter. For that reason, ISO can help you capture images in darker environments, or be more flexible about your aperture and shutter speed settings." "Texture", "质地<br /> In essence, textures are details that visually describe how something physically feels. Textures can be smooth, rough, and anything else your hand feels when it touches a surface." "Analog / Film Camera", "胶卷相机<br /> The term 'Analog Photography' refers to photography using an analogue camera and film. A roll of film is loaded into the camera and the magic begins once you start clicking: light interacts with the chemicals in the film and an image is recorded. The pictures collected in your film roll come to life when the film is processed in a photo lab." "Mirrorless / Compact Camera", "微单<br /> The mirrorless camera definition can be boiled down to "A camera with no mirror inside it". To be precise, the cameras do not have the Reflex Mirror. Without the reflex mirror, light can directly pass through the lens and onto the digital sensor. The screen then previews the image you are going to shoot." "Digital Camera", "数码相机<br /> A digital camera is a camera that captures photographs in digital memory. Most cameras produced today are digital, largely replacing those that capture images on photographic film." "Single-lens Reflex Camera (SLR)", "单反相机<br /> A single-lens reflex camera ( SLR) is a camera that typically uses a mirror and prism system (hence "reflex" from the mirror's reflection) that permits the photographer to view through the lens and see exactly what will be captured." "Portrait Orientation", "纵向 / 竖着拍<br /> Portrait orientation is the one in which the longer sides of the rectangle are vertical. It's named this way because this is generally the orientation that people choose when taking a portrait, or a photograph of a person." "Landscape Orientation", "横向 / 横着拍<br /> Landscape Orientation is the horizontal orientation in which the long sides of the rectangle are at the top and the bottom, is called landscape. This is because - you guessed it - landscapes, or outdoor photographs - are generally shot this way." "Metering", "光亮测量表<br /> Metering basically means taking a light reading. Your camera has a built-in meter that measures the amount of light in whatever scene you're shooting and enables it to determine the appropriate settings to properly expose the photo. This meter replaces the old light meters that photographers had to use in the old days of film photography." "White Balance", "白色平衡表<br /> In simpler language, white balance in digital photography means adjusting colors so that the image looks more natural." "Bracketing", "包围连拍夹层摄影<br /> Bracketing is a camera technique where you capture several different exposures of the same scene. In other words, you capture a standard image (below, top), a darker/underexposed version (below, bottom left), and a brighter/overexposed version (below, bottom right): Each composition is identical, yet the exposure level varies from shot to shot." "Focus Point", "对焦点<br /> Focus points are what your camera uses to focus. They're basically little dots that exist all around the frame. If you have a single active focus point in the center of the frame, your camera will focus on the part of the scene in the center of the frame (i.e., the area that sits "under" the focus point)." "Automatic Mode", "全自动模式<br /> Automatic exposure mode (also called automatic exposure and abbreviated as AE) is a standard feature on digital cameras that will automatically determine the correct exposure for pictures without any user input other than to select the AE option before taking a picture." "Shutter Priority Mode", "快门优先模式<br /> In Shutter Priority mode, you set the shutter speed of your camera. Your camera then sets the aperture that complements your shutter speed to make sure the image is well-exposed." "Aperture Priority Mode", "光圈优先模式<br /> Aperture Priority mode is the reverse of shutter priority mode, where you select the aperture and your camera sets the shutter speed." "Programme Auto Mode", "程序半自动模式<br /> P mode or program auto is a semi-manual mode. The camera makes the decisions, but the photographer has the power to override some of them. Shooting with program mode is like shooting on auto, with the option to quickly manually adjust the settings if needed." "Bulb Mode", "灯泡模式, 快门曝光时间由用户控制<br /> Bulb mode is simply a shutter speed option that you can select in Manual mode on your camera. It allows your shutter speed to be any length you choose: one second, one minute, 17 minutes, or anything else. The key with bulb mode is that your camera's shutter stays open for as long as you hold down the shutter release button." "Long Exposure", "长时间曝光<br /> Long exposure photography is when we are using a much longer shutter speed, and it's usually used as a specific technique to achieve a certain effect. There's no defined transition point at which a shutter speed becomes slow enough to define your shooting as 'long exposure photography'." "Macro", "微细摄影<br /> Macro photography involves taking a photograph where the subject is reproduced to a ratio of at least 1:1. This means that the image on the camera sensor or film plate is the same size, or even bigger, than the real-life subject.The aim is to highlight details that would be invisible to the naked eye." "Crop", "修剪<br /> In photography industries, cropping means to remove unwanted areas from an image. This process is one of the most basic photo manipulation processes. This process is performed in order to remove an unwanted subject or irrelevant detail from a photo, change its aspect ratio, or to improve the overall composition." "ND Filter", "中性密度镜片滤光器<br /> A neutral density or ND filter is a filter that is used to darken or lower the amount of light that passes through the lens by a specified number of stops, ranging from a fraction of a stop to 10 stops or more." "UV Filter", "紫外线过滤器<br /> A UV filter is a glass filter that attaches to the front of your camera lens and blocks ultraviolet rays. They used to be necessary for film photography, but now most photographers use them to protect their lenses." "Wide Angle Lens", "广角镜头<br /> A wide angle lens generally has focal lengths below or equivalent to 35mm (65 degrees of diagonal FoV), providing a wide field of view. Almost every wide-angle lens will come in fixed and various focal lengths. It is also known as wide prime and wide zoom." "Fisheye Lens", "鱼眼镜头<br /> A fisheye lens is a camera component used for shooting extremely wide angles, typically 180 degrees. Also referred to as a "super wide" or "ultra-wide" lens, it produces an image that appears distorted, giving it a more abstract yet dynamic aesthetic. There are two main variations of this lens: full-frame and circular." "Zoom Lens", "变焦镜头<br /> A zoom lens allows photographers to zoom in or zoom out from a subject to get closer or further from the subject. You can turn the zoom ring to move the optical elements inside the zoom lens to gain a distinct angle of view." "Prime Lens", "定焦镜头<br /> A prime lens is a fixed focal length lens that doesn't let you zoom in or out. This focal length is the distance between the point of convergence in the lens to the sensor in your camera. Prime lenses have very wide or large apertures." "Tilt Shift Lens", "移轴镜头<br /> A tilt-shift lens works based on the ' Scheimpflug principle ' that allows photographers to move the plane's angle between the lens and the camera sensor. This mechanism creates the 'tilt' and 'shift' effect. Tilt-shift lenses are relatively rare among the other camera lenses." "Telephoto Lens", "远摄镜头<br /> A telephoto lens is generally regarded as a lens with a focal length of 60mm and longer. The lens will give photographers a long reach, allowing them to photograph subjects and objects far away with godlike sharpness. The telephoto lens is one of the best investments for taking your photography to new heights." "Super Telephoto Lens", "超远摄镜头<br /> These lenses are almost exclusively the domain of professional photographers, and are extremely expensive. They are used by wildlife photographers, where getting up close is not an option. A super telephoto lens is a lens with a focal length usually 300mm or longer." "Camera Sensor", "摄像头传感器<br /> A camera sensor is a piece of hardware inside the camera that captures light and converts it into signals which result in an image. Sensors consist of millions of photosites, or light-sensitive spots that record what is being seen through the lens. The size of the camera's sensor determines how much of this light is used to create the image." "Cropped Sensor", "裁剪格式<br /> A crop frame sensor is a sensor that has smaller dimensions than that of a 35mm film frame. The size difference between a crop and full frame sensor can vary, but the crop will always be smaller, hence the name. Since the camera and lens of a crop sensor is smaller and lighter, they can be less expensive than the other options available." "Automatic", "自动<br /> A camera system that automatically brings the lens into sharp focus on the subject. Auto focus systems operate very quickly and reliably, and can usually focus more rapidly than the photographer can unaided." "Background", "背景<br /> The ground or scenery located behind something. The part of a pictorial representation that appears to be in the distance and that provides relief for the principal objects in the foreground." "Background Cloth", "背景布<br /> Photography backdrop is a staple item for both new and professional photographers. They are versatile, durable and affordable. It can be regarded as one of leading roles in your sessions besides the model. Backdrops can come in various materials, styles, sizes and be used in different occasions." "Background Paper (Seamless)", "背景纸<br /> Seamless paper Background has been popular among photographers for more than decades. It provides a smooth, dry and non-reflecting paper surface. Unlike most backdrop made of fabric, the seamless paper is not wrinkle-resistant, and when there are creases, scratches or stains on it, you just need to cut the damaged parts off." "Beauty Dish", "雷达罩<br /> A beauty dish is a parabolic metallic dish that bounces light from the strobe to the subject. It provides a much harder light, boosting highlights and details in the skin and colors." "Film Roll", "胶卷<br /> The term film roll is usually reserved for film wound up on a spool with an interleaving light-tight backing paper to protect the wound-up film." "Filter", "滤镜<br /> The filter can be of a square or oblong shape and mounted in a holder accessory, or, more commonly, a glass or plastic disk in a metal or plastic ring frame, which can be screwed into the front of or clipped onto the camera lens . Filters modify the images recorded." "Gel", "色纸<br /> Gels are mounted in a frame which is slipped into the front of a light fixture in the light beam. In photography, when used as a filter, they are stiffer and normally mounted in some sort of frame in front of the lens. Gels have a limited life. The light shining through them fades the colors. Gels with more saturated colors fade faster." "Grid", "蜂巢<br /> The aim of a grid is to create a more directed light. Very often studio lights come with a grid as an accessory." "Hard Light", "硬光<br /> Hard light is essentially a bright directed light that will create harsh shadows. It creates little to no transition between the highlights and shadows, creating high contrast in the images. It is created by direct, undiffused/bounced light that originates from a relatively small single light source." "High Key", "高光，高色调<br /> High Key is a term to describe images that are bright and contain little to no shadow. The term comes from the early days of broadcast television when scenes with higher contrast were not reproduced well. To make a scene that was easier to properly show on screen, the ratio between the key and fill lights was minimized." "Hot Shoe", "热靴<br /> A hot shoe (or 'hotshoe') is a place to attach accessories to your camera. Most mid-to-high-end digital cameras have it. It is a square bracket usually placed in the top middle of the camera body. Products slip onto it and then screw down to secure the connection with the body." "Hot Shoe Flash (Speedlight)", "热靴闪光灯<br /> The Speedlight is a small battery-powered flash that can work either when mounted or not. Speedlights are starting to gain popularity among portrait and even studio professionals. They are small, very light, quick to set up and tear down, and lastly the price. Originally, the term Speedlight was coined by Nikon in early 1960." "Internal Flash", "内置闪光灯<br /> A camera can detect when not enough light is hitting the sensor, and try to overcome this by turning on the internal flash. The internal flash produces a harsh, direct light that can result in red-eye (because it reflects off the subject's eyes), and usually blows out your image." "Lens", "镜头<br /> A camera without a lens is useless to a photographer. The lens is what focuses light from what you see through the viewfinder into a tiny, (typically) 35mm spot on the back of your film, DSLR, or mirrorless camera. If you remove the lens from your camera, the only kind of image you can produce is white light." "Light Meter", "测光表, 测光计<br /> The light meter is a device that can read the ambient light of a scene, it can also measure the direct light coming from your main light source. Simply by looking at the name, you can easily discern that a light meter measures light." "Light Stand", "灯座, 灯架<br /> Photography light stands support the custom lighting arrangements that bring film and photography projects to life. It takes a variety of tools and accessories to support heavy and expensive lighting equipment. Let your imagination soar with these professional accessories that create limitless possibilities for what your camera can do." "Low Key", "暗色调<br /> Low key is the art lowering the exposure to create more shadows while creatively concealing and revealing details. The one thing we particularly like about low key photography is the ability it holds to add drama and hard-hitting emotion within a shot." "Manual (M)", "手动<br /> Manual Mode is the mode in which you control your camera's settings. You can alter your ISO, shutter speed, and aperture on your own—plus other functions. When in Manual Mode, your camera won't necessarily alter depending on your environment. This is different from auto, aperture priority, and so on, where you have some degree of assistance." "Off-Camera Flash", "离机闪光灯<br /> Some of my favorite advantages of off camera flash photography (OCF): You're not limited to the light that a window is giving you, or a certain time of day where there's perfect light. You can shoot mid-day, after peak sunlight hours or on a dark, overcast day. Flash makes colors pop on a gray, flat overcast day." "Optical Slave", "光敏接收器, 感光器<br /> A light sensitive sensor at each remote flash, which triggers the flash in sync when it sees the flash of another manual flash unit. This light path can be reflected from close walls or the photo background, but light is line of sight, normally blocked by obstacles." "Octabox", "八角柔光箱<br /> An octabox is a lighting modifier with eight sides (hence the name!). It attaches to the front of a speedlight, studio strobe, or continuous light and creates a beautiful diffused (i.e., soft) effect. Octaboxes come in many different sizes, from small, 12-inch options all the way up to huge 5-foot or greater models." "Photo Studio", "摄影棚<br /> A photography studio can be both a workplace and a business. It is a set of equipment that allows photographers to make high-end photographs of the objects we see in everyday life, they are called packshots. This studio can be operational even in a small room in the house and can be moved at will, even outdoors." "Pixel", "像素<br /> Every photograph, in digital form, is made up of pixels. They are the smallest unit of information that makes up a picture. Usually round or square, they are typically arranged in a 2-dimensional grid." "Receiver", "接收器<br /> Flash receivers are the device that attaches to your flash and receives and acts on the signal from the trigger. Some flashes require an external trigger to operate. But lighting manufacturers are starting to make flashes with receivers built into them." "Reflector", "反光板<br /> Most of the time when people refer to using a reflector, they are talking about using a piece of reflective material to bounce light in a certain direction. This piece of material usually contains a frame that keeps it taught enough to angle in a specific direction and therefore control the direction of the bounced light." "Reflector Dish (Parabol)", "反光罩<br /> A beauty dish is a photographic lighting device that uses a parabolic reflector to distribute light towards a focal point. The light created is between that of a direct flash and a softbox, giving the image a wrapped, contrasted look, which adds a more dramatic effect." "Resolution", "分辨率<br /> Resolution is the camera's ability to classify and effectively present discrete image information, such as details, patterns and textures within a given photographic image and it corresponds to how large a photo can become without becoming unacceptably blurry or grainy. Camera and image resolution is measured in Pixels Per Inch or PPI." "Ring Flash", "环形 闪光灯<br /> The ring flash is commonly used for close portraiture and macro work. Both benefit from the ring of light that is generated by the flash. The idea is that the ring provides an image without shadows or Modeling, especially for smaller items in the shot. Ring flash units can be very expensive, as with other off-camera options." "Shoot-Through Umbrella", "透光伞<br /> If an umbrella is all made of opaque white material, then its intended use is for light to pass through it, and this is called a Shoot-Through Umbrella." "Shutter", "快门<br /> In photography, a shutter is a device that allows light to pass for a determined period of time, for the purpose of exposing photographic film or a light-sensitive electronic sensor to light to capture a permanent image of a scene. A shutter can also be used to allow pulses of light to pass outwards, as in a movie projector or signal lamp." "Shutter Priority (Tv)", "快门优先<br /> In photography 'shutter priority' refers to a metering mode where the photographer fixes the camera to a specific shutter speed and then allows the camera to choose the correct aperture to produce a good exposure of a scene. Shutter priority mode is usually accessed via the camera's mode dial and is denoted by an 'S' or 'Tv'." "Snoot", "束光筒<br /> A Snoot in photography is a tube that fits over a constant studio light or Speedlight flash. It guides the direction and restricts the uncontrolled spread of light to a narrow beam. It can pick out a precise portion of the subject for illumination and cast the surroundings into deep shadow." "Softbox", "柔光箱<br /> A softbox is a light modifier that confines light from an artificial source into a wire framed box and releases it through a layer of diffusion. Softboxes are commonly used in photography as a soft source of light that minimizes harsh shadows." "Strip Light", "条形柔光箱<br /> If you aim a strip softbox at a wall (softbox to wall distance = diagonal of softbox face) and photograph the lit area you will see that the light extends quite a ways to the sides, falling off slowly. Add a grid and the fall off is faster and the lit area extends less to the sides, but it still extends to the sides." "Tripod", "三脚架<br /> An adjustable and usually collapsible three-legged stand to which a camera, etc, can be attached to hold it steady. A stand or table having three legs. The three legs of a tripod provide stable support." "Trigger", "触发器, 同步引闪器, 引闪器<br /> The trigger is connected to your flash via the hot-shoe (that little bracket that sits on the top of your camera). When you fire the shutter, the camera sends out a little electronic pulse to the trigger to activate it. The trigger takes over from there. Triggers come in lots of different makes and models." "Umbrella (Reflective)", "反光伞<br /> Umbrellas are used primarily as diffusers in photography. They are used either to diffuse light by reflective diffusion, or shoot-through diffusion. Reflective diffusion: A flash light is fired directly into the underside of a black umbrella with a white or silver lining. The light is reflected back on the scene." "Umbrella (Shoot-through)", "透光伞<br /> A white umbrella (also known as a "shoot-through") has translucent white fabric. This fabric diffuses and spreads light over a larger surface. This reduces the intensity of the light, and you may need to turn up the power on your flash or strobe to offset this. White umbrellas are best for lighting a larger area, such as a group of people."
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